Body Language and Its Universal Meaning: the Interpretation of Body Language in the Little Black Book Film LaluSuhirman

This study aims to examine body language, namely facial expressions that appear in film scenes entitled 'Little Black Book'. Therefore, this study discusses two research questions: 1) what conventional meaning is expressed by the facial expressions of central figures in 'Little Black Book' film? 2) what are the forms and patterns of body language that carry important messages besides facial expressions in 'Little Black Book' film? This study uses a qualitative approach to analyze data. The data source of this research is the film "Little Black Book". The data of this study are certain scenes related to body language. Data is collected through observation, which is watching carefully and repeatedly, and cutting or copying images that show gesture or gesture of body language. The result found was facial expressions which specified at upper neck, namely: head, eyes, and mouth. while the other parts of body language were hands and other acts of body language. Key-words: body language, facial expression, non–verbal language


INTRODUCTION
Since humans are born, we can see body language in their behavior, even though they have not been able to speak a simple example, if a baby cries, maybe he wants to say that he is thirsty or hungry, or maybe he feels pain, fear, worry, anger, and many other interpretations. Before humans can speak, he first interacts using his body language and always uses his body language to express his intentions and desires. He might move his hands, nod his head to express approval, or shake his head left and right to express rejection.
Body language is the unspoken or non-verbal mode of communication that we do in every single aspect of our interaction with another person. It is like a mirror that tells us what the other person thinks and feels in response to our words or actions. Body language involves gestures, mannerisms, and other bodily signs (Nierenberg & Calero, 2010;Eggert, 2010). Eggert (2010) further asking about the frequency of using body language in daily communication, 'would you believe that in real life situations, 60% to 80% of the messages that we convey to other people are transmitted through body language and the actual verbal communication accounts for only 7% to 10%? ' Our ability to use body language in a positive way and to read other people's minds through

Facial Expression
Facial expression is the most important area for non-verbal signalling and is believed to be the primary source of information next to human speech (Knapp, 1978:263). It is a multi-message system: (1) it can communicate information regarding (1) one's personality; (2) it expresses emotional states and interpersonal attitudes; and (3) it can provide interaction signals. According to Bowden (2010) 'reading faces' is very important as "faces can tell the whole story" (p.96). Therefore, body language namely facial expressions are the main ways for humans to communicate their emotions and intentions, which are the most complex messages communicated by human nonverbal behaviour (Pantic, et al., 2007).
A British research team led by Christoper Brannigan and David Humphries (cited by Nierenberg & Calero, 2012:28-29), has separated and made a list of 135 different body languages, three of which are very common smiles, including simple smile, smile, and a big smile. Based on a simple smile analysis the teeth are not visible, generally seen when someone does not participate in the activities that are happening. He smiled to himself. In a smile, the upper incisors are visible and eye contact usually occurs between individuals. A big smile, generally when someone is having fun and is often associated with laughter, the upper and lower incisors are visible, and eye contact often occurs (Eggert, 2010).
There is a considerable history is associated with the link between emotions and facial and body language. Charles Darwin (as cited in Nierenberg & Calero, 2012:27) was the first to describe in detail the specific facial and bodily expressions associated with emotions in animals and humans. The human face is the preeminent means of expressing and interpreting somebody's affective states based on the shown facial expressions. Darwin argued that all mammals show emotions reliably in their faces. Ekman (2005) stated that the human body configuration and movement also reveal and enhance emotions. For example, an angry face is more menacing when accompanied by a fist. Thus, any specific facial expression can be immediately associated with a specific emotion (De Gelder, 2006;James, 2007;Wiley & Sons, 2007).

METODOLOGY
This study uses a qualitative approach to analyze data. The data source of this research is the film "Little Black Book". The data of this study are certain scenes related to body language. Data is collected through observation, which is watching carefully and repeatedly, and cutting or copying images that show gesture or gesture of body language. Data were analyzed using Discourse Analysis suggested by John Austin (1995). Before being analyzed, data is sorted and classified into themes or topics that are relevant to the research problem. Then, the researcher interpreted the data to answer the research problem. Triangulation methodology is used to re-examine the data and interpretations made by the researcher in accordance with other sources. The aim is to check the reliability of data collection and discovery. In addition, it is done to reduce the subjectivity of qualitative content analysis (Bogdan and Biklen, 1998).

FINDINGS
Facial expressions identified in this finding are the upper neck, namely: head, eyes, and mouth. while the other parts of body language are hands and other acts of body language. LINGUA, Vol. 16, No. 2, September 2019p-ISSN: 1979  Widening the eyes generally signals interest in something or someone, and often invites positive response. Widened eyes with raised eyebrows can otherwise be due to shock, but aside from this, widening eyes represents an opening and welcoming expression. In women especially widened eyes tend to increase attractiveness, which is believed by some body language experts to relate to the eye/face proportions of babies, and the associated signals of attraction and prompting urges to protect and offer love and care, etc. signalled by the eyebrow flash, in which case the eyebrows normally remain raised for longer, until the initial shock subsides.

5.
Knit the eyebrow Quickly raising and lowering the eyebrows is called an 'eyebrow flash'. It is a common signal of greeting and acknowledgement, and is perhaps genetically influenced since it is prevalent in monkeys (body language study does not sit entirely happily alongside creationism). Fear and surprise are also signalled by the eyebrow flash, in which case the eyebrows normally remain raised for longer, until the initial shock subsides. Eyes which stay focused on the speakers eyes, tend to indicate focused interested attention too, which is normally a sign of attraction to the person and/or the subject.

Mouth
The sign of Body Language Generally in Western societies and most other cultures, eye contact with a person is expected to be regular but not overly persistent, as constant eye contact is often considered to be an attempt at intimidation, causing the person who's the object of a person's gaze to feel overly studied and uncomfortable. Even between humans and nonhumans, persistent eye contact is sometimes unadvisable: the New Zealand Medical Journal reported that one reason so many young children fall victim to attacks by pet dogs is their over-poweringly regular eye contact with pets, which causes them to feel threatened and defensive (http://changingminds.org./techniques/htm.accessed, 20/07/2013). Koester (2010:201) shows the roles of cultural context in nonverbal communication that all cultures have display rules that govern when and under what circumstances various nonverbal expressions are required, preferred, permitted, or prohibited. Thus, children learn both how to communicate nonverbally and the appropriate display rules that govern their nonverbal expressions. Display rules indicate such things as how far apart people should stand while talking, whom to touch and where, the speed and timing of movements and gestures, when to look directly at others in a conversation and when to look away, whether loud talking and expansive gestures or quietness and controlled movements should be used, when to smile and when to frown, and the overall pacing of communication.

Body Language Related Age and Gender
Many body language signals are relative.A gesture by one person in a certain situation can carry far more, or ver little meaning, compared to the same gesture used by a different person in a different situation.
Young men for example often display a lot of pronounced gestures because they are naturally eneretic, uninhibited and supple. Older women, relatively, are less energetic, adopt more modest postures, and are prevented by clothing and upbringing from exhibiting very pronounced gestures. So when assessing body language -espeially the strength of signals and meanings -it's important to do so in relative terms, considering the type of person and situation involved.
Women tend to have better perception and interpretation of body language than men, (http:/www.businessballs.com, cited 20/07/2013). Further stated that this is perhaps a feature of evolutionary survival, since female needed good body language skills to reduce their physical vulnerability tomales and the cosequential threat to life, limb and offspring. Females might not be so physically vulnerable in modern times, but their body language capabilities generally continue typically to be stronger than the male of the species. Thus, women tend to be able to employ body language (for sending and interpreting signals) more effectively than men. Calero (2005:213) on the other sides denotes that in another area of cultural nonverbal communication is how men of various countries respond when they see a beautiful woman and signal their appreciation of female beauty. An American may lift his eyebrows and give a slow appreciative whistle or just exhale dramatically. An Italian male may press his right index finger to his cheek and then rotate it with an appreciative look on his face (Ekman, 2005;Wiley & Sons, 2007). The drug which causes the pupils of the eye to dilate is named belladonna, which in Italian means "beautiful woman." Adler and Rodman (Pantic, et al., 2007) indicated the result of a research about the distinction of women's and men's styles in (non-verbal) communication the notion that men and women communicate in dramatically different ways is exaggerated.Both men and women,at least in the dominant cultures of the United States and Canada,use language to build and maintain social relationships. Wiley & Sons (2007) state that regardless of the sex of the communicators,the goals of almost all ordinary conversations include making the conversation enjoyable by being friendly,showing interest in what the other person says,and talking about topics that interest the other person. How men and women accomplish these goals is often different, though. Although most communicators try to make their interaction enjoyable,men are more likely than women to emphasize making conversation fun. Their discussions involve a greater amount of joking and good-natured teasing. By contrast,women's conversations focus more frequently on feelings,relationships,and personal problems, Adler and Rodman, 2005:99).

Universal Communication Culture of Body Language
Charles Darwin (in Nerenberg & Calero, 2012) believed that certain nonverbal displays were universal. The shoulder shrug, for example, is used to convey such messages as "I can't do it," "I can't stop it from happening:' "It wasn't my fault, "Be patient:' and "I do not intend to resist:' Michael Argyle (in Lastig & Koester, 2010) has listed a number of characteristics of nonverbal communication that are universal across all cultures: ( 1) the same body parts are called for nonverbal expressions; (2) nonverbal channels are used to convey similar information, emotions, values, norms, and selfdisclosing messages; (3) nonverbal messages accompany verbal communication and are used in art and ritual; (4) the motives for using the nonverbal channel, such as when speech is impossible, are similar across cultures; and (5) nonverbal messages are used to coordinate and control a range of contexts and relationships that are similar across cultures.
Koester stated (2010:201) about Paul Ekman's research on facial expressions demonstrates the universality of many nonverbal emotional displays? Ekman discovered three separate sets of facial muscles that operate independently and can be manipulated to form a variety of emotional ex pressions. These muscle sets include the forehead and brow; the eyes, eyelids, and base of the nose; and the cheeks, mouth, chin, and rest of the nose (Allan & Pease, 2004Crystal, 2008. The muscles in each of these facial regions are combined in a variety of unique patterns to display emotional states (James, 2007;Wiley & Sons, 2007). For example, fear is indicated by a furrowed brow, raised eyebrows, wide-open eyes, creased or pinched base of the nose, taut cheeks, partially open mouth, and upturned upper lip (Bowden, 2010;Eggert, 2010). Because the ability to produce such emotional displays is consis-tent across cultures, there is probably a biological or genetic basis that allows these behaviors to be produced in all humans in a particular way.
The universal cultural means of nonverbal communication we know of as "sign language" is taught to the deaf-mute by spelling words through the use of letter signs (De Gelder, 2006;Ekman, 2005;Lastig & Koester, 2010). But what is less known is the shorthand gestures that communicate entire words, a phrase or even an entire sentence. This language is rarely committed to textbooks or taught in schools because instructors for the deaf frown on it (Crystal, 2008;Eggert, 2010;Neirenberg & Calero, 2012). They prefer the practice of reading lips. Instead, deaf people learn the shorthand informallyfrom one deaf person to another. Another area of cultural nonverbal communication is how men of various countries respond when they see a beautiful woman and signal their appreciation of female beauty (Eggert, 2010;Neirenberg & Calero). An American may lift his eyebrows and give a slow appreciative whistle or just exhale dramatically. An Italian male may press his right index finger to his cheek and then rotate it with an appreciative look on his face. The drug which causes the pupils of the eye to dilate is named belladonna, which in Italian means "beautiful woman." (Calero 2005;Bowden;Wiley & Sons, 2007).

CONCLUSION
Body language is especially crucial when we meet someone for the firts time. We form our opinions of someone we meet for the first time in just a few seconds, and this initial instictual assessment is based on far more on what we see and feel about the other person than on the words they speak. On many occasions we form a strong view about a new person before they speak a single word. Consequently body language is very influential in forming impressions on first meeting someone. Body language is constantly being exchanged and interpreted between people, even though much of the time this is happening on an unconcious level.
Body language is also referred to as 'non-verbal communications', and less commonly 'non-vocal communications'. The term 'non-verbal communications' tends to be used in a wider sense, and all these terms are somewhat vague.Sometimes body language can have multiple meanings and are sometimes misinterpreted by people. When translating body language signals into feelings and meanings remember that one signal does not reliably indicate a meaning. Body language should not be used alone for making serious decisions about people. Body language is one of several indicators of mood, meaning and motive. The Little Black Book film telling about a young pretty girl, Stacy Holt found a job as a TV tabloid program after finishing her study at the University. That was her ambition since she was a child. Accidently, Stacy met Derek a young handsome boy, a hocky player in a bar. In her first day at the TV Tabloid, she was introduced to Barb by Ira Naclace a staff of Keppi Kann life program. Barb was an assisstent of Keppi Kann Program at the TV Tabloid. Then, Ira and Barb took her to a sample live show being presented by Keppi Kann about a spouse who was not match each other. It seemed that Stacy really interested in this program.

RFERENCES
Stacy lived together with Derek since her introduction with Derek at the bar. They loved each other. In one day, Derek and Stacy watching TV, unfortunately Lulu Fritz a famous model appeared on the TV screen that made Derek threw impolite words to Lulu. Stacy looked suprise with Derek words to Lulu. Stacy asked who Lulu was to Derek. Derek replied Stacy's question, "she was my past time, and she was a vomit". Stacy was surprised that Derek knew how Lulu vomit. Stacy felt jelous and tried to ask many things about Lulu, but Derek didn't want to reply truthfully.