Ruang Ketiga dan Konstruksi Identitas: Hibriditas dalam Karya Mahmoud Darwish
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Keywords:
Mahmoud Darwish, Palestinian Poet, Identity, Homi K. Bhabha, Hybridity, Third Space
Abstract
This paper discusses how identity was constructed in Mahmoud Darwish's literary works. Mahmoud Darwish is a symbol of Palestine both poetically and politically. Darwish's life as a refugee and exile greatly influenced his works and attitude towards Israeli-Palestinian peace. This research is qualitative research using literary methods. The data in this study were taken from Mahmoud Darwish’s literary works such as Awraq al-Zaytun (Leaves of Olives), Yawmiyyat Jurh Filastini (Diary of a Palestinian Wound), Muhawalah Raqm 7 (Attempt Number 7), Kazahri al-Lawz aw Ab’ad (Like Almond Flower and Further), Shai’on ‘an al-Wathan (Something about the Homeland) and Dhakirah li-al-Nisyan (Memory for Forgetfulness). In this study, Mahmoud Darwish's works were analyzed using Homi K. Bhabha's post-colonialism theory. Bhabha's idea of hybridity and the third space was used to explain how the homeland was conceived, and identity was constructed in Darwish’s works. The results of this study indicate that the homeland for Darwish is a symbolic and effective one. It can be imagined, but cannot be possessed. Darwish identity was constructed in the third space; a hybrid place where the colonizer and the colonized coexist in the same space.
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References
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Behar, Almog. (2011). Mahmoud Darwish: Poetry’s State of Siege. Journal of Levantine Studies Summer 2011, No. 1, pp. 189-199
Bhabha, Homi. K. (1990). Nation & Narration 1st Edition, page 292-322. London: Routledge. eBook published 19 April 1990, ISBN 9780203388341. DOI https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203388341
Bhabha, Homi K. (1994) (2004). Location of Culture. London: Routledge. 2nd Edition.
Clark, Peter. (2008). “Mahmoud Darwish: Poet, author and politician who helped to forge a Palestinian consciousness after the six-day war in 1967”. The Guardian. 11 August 2008. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/aug/11/poetry.israelandthepalestinians
Darwish, Mahmoud. (1964) (2013). أوراق الزيتون (Awraq al-Zaytun / Leaves of Olives). Amman: al-Ahliyah lil-Nashr wa al-Tawzi
---- ----. (1964). بطاقة هوية (Kartu Identitas). https://www.aldiwan.net/poem2290.html. Diakses pada tanggal 27 Mei 2021, pk. 1105.
---- ----. (1966) (1993). عاشق من فلسطین ('Asheeq min Filasteen / A Lover from Palestine). Bayrūt: Dar al-‘Awdah
---- ----. (1969). يوميات جرح فلسطيني (Yawmiyyat Jurh Filastini / Buku Harian Palestina yang Terluka). https://www.aldiwan.net/poem2259.html. Diakses pada tanggal 26 Mei 2021, pk. 13.36.
---- ----. (1971) (2016). شيء عن الوطن (Shai’on ‘an al-Wathan / Something about the Homeland). Amman: al-Ahliyah lil-an-Nashr wa al-Tawzi
---- ----. (1973). جندي يحلم بالزنابق البيضاء (Jondiyyun Yahlum bi-al-Zanabiq al-Baidaa’/ A Soldier Dreaming of White Lilies). https://www.aldiwan.net/poem2322.html. Diakses pada tanggal 11 Juni 2021 pk. 11.20
---- ----. (2003). Unfortunately, It Was Paradise (Selected Poem). Translated and edited by Sinan Antoon. New York: University of California Press.
---- ---- . (2005). كزهر اللوز أو أبعد (Kazahri al-Lawz aw Ab’ad / Like Almond Flower and Further). Beirut: Riad El-Rayyes Book.
---- ----. (2006). The Butterfly’s Burden (English and Arabic Version). Translated by Fady Joudah. Washington: Copper Canyon Press
---- ----. (2011). In the Presence of Absence. Translated by Sinan Antoon. Brooklyn: Archipelago.
Diamond, Aurel H. Diamond. (2020). “Minority youth acculturation in third spaces: an ethnography of Arab-Palestinian high school students visiting the Israeli innovation sector”. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. Received 12 May 2020, Accepted 02 Nov 2020, Published online: 25 Nov 2020
Hamdan, Samer. (2015). أقوال محمود درويش عن الوطن (Pandangan Mahmoud Darwish tentang Tanah Air). https://mawdoo3.com/أقوال_محمود_درويش_عن_الوطن . Diakses pada tanggal 12 Mei 2021, pk. 17.05
Hamidi, Loiy & Qutaish al Fawa’ra. (2019). “Identity and Alienation: A Study of Mahmoud Darwish’s ‘ID Card’ and ‘Passport’”. International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences (IJELS) Vol-4, Issue-2, Mar - Apr, 2019
Hochberg, Gil Z. (2011). “The Mediterranean Option”: On the Politics of Regional Affiliation in Current Israeli Cultural Imagination. Journal of Levantine Studies Summer 2011, No. 1, pp. 41-65. https://levantine-journal.org/product/the-mediterranean-option-on-the-politics-of-regional-affiliation-in-current-israeli-cultural-imagination/ . Diakses pada tanggal 15 Mei 2021, pk. 08.50.
Kalua, Fetson. (2009). “Homi Bhabha's Third Space and African identity”. Journal of African Cultural Studies Volume 21, 2009 - Issue 1
Keraf, Gorys. (2002). Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama
Lovatt, Hugh (2010). Modern Palestinian Poetry and the Poetics of Place: Between Homeland and Homelessness, Modern Palestinian Literature. (15PNMC379). School of Oriental and African Studies January 2010.
Masalha, Salman. (2008). Mahmoud Darwish, 1941-2008: He Made a Homeland Words. Haaretz Books Supplement, 15 September 2008. http://www.haaretz.com/hazen/spages/1019886.html. https://www.metransparent.com/spip.php?article4486 . Diakses pada tanggal 12 Mei 2021, pk. 09.45.
Naimah, Ahmad al Ghamdi dan Hadeel Esam Mukhtar. (2019). “Modality Construction of theArabic Identity in Mahmoud Darwish’s Poetry”. ELS-JISHELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies on Humanities Volume 2 Issue 2, 2019 ISSN (print): 2621-0843ISSN (online): 2621-0835
Noval, Khalil Hasan. (2017). National Identity_in_Mahmoud_Darwishs_Poetry. English Language and Literature Studies; Vol. 7, No. 3; 2017 ISSN 1925-4768 E-ISSN 1925-4776 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education
Pithouse, Richard. (2021). Mahmoud Darwish: From Galilee to the World. New Frame, Media Publication based in Johannesburg South Africa, 13 Maret 2021. https://www.newframe.com/mahmoud-darwish-from-galilee-to-the-world/ . Diakses pada tanggal 27 Mei 2021.
Rutherford, Jonathan. 1990. The Third Space: Interview with Homi K. Bhabha (Chapter). In Ders. (Hg): Identity, Community, Culture, Difference. London: Lawrence and Wishart, p. 207-221.
Sachs, Susan. (2000). Poetry of Arab Pain: Are Israeli Student Ready?. Ramallah Journal March 7, 2000 https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/07/world/ramallah-journal- poetry-of-arab-pain-are-israeli-students-ready.html . Diakses pada tanggal 11 Mei 2021, pk. 19.54.
Snir, Reuven. (2008). “Other Barbarians Will Come: Intelectuality, Meta-Poetry, and Meta-Myth in Mahmoud Darwish’s Poetry”, in Hala Khamis Nassar and Najat Rahman (eds), Mahmoud Darwish, Exile’s Poet: Critical Essays. Northampton, MA: Interlink Books, pp. 123-166.
Wazen, Abdo. (---) محمود درويش في حوار شامل- حاوره عبده وازن : حول الشعر والحداثة وقصيدة النثر
(Buku catatan Mahmoud Darwish dalam dialog komprehensif - diwawancarai oleh Abdo Wazen : Tentang puisi, modernitas dan puisi prosa). Dipublikasikan dalam web site Muassasah Mahmoud Darwish (Yayasan Mahmoud Darwish). http://mahmouddarwish.ps/article/417/ دفاتر-محمود-درويش-في-حوار-شامل--حاوره-عبده-وازن
Yeshurun, Helith. (1996). “The exile is so strong within me, perhaps I will bring it home,” Mahmoud Darwish, interview by Helith Yeshurun, Hadarim 12, 1996, 172-198.
---- ------. (2012). “Exile Is So Strong Within Me, I May Bring It to the Land” A Landmark 1996 Interview with Mahmoud Darwish. Journal of Palestine Studies 42 (1): 46-70. September 2012. DOI: 10.1525/jps.2012.XLII.1.46 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259730745_Exile_Is_So_Strong_Within_Me_I_May_Bring_It_to_the_Land_A_Landmark_1996_Interview_with_Mahmoud_Darwish
Zawawi, Muhammad Adil. (2019). أشعار محمود درويش عن الوطن (Puisi-Puisi Mahmoud Darwish tentang Tanah Air). https://mawdoo3.com/أشعار_محمود_درويش_عن_الوطن . Diakses pada tanggal 12 Mei 2021, pk. 16.37.
Behar, Almog. (2011). Mahmoud Darwish: Poetry’s State of Siege. Journal of Levantine Studies Summer 2011, No. 1, pp. 189-199
Bhabha, Homi. K. (1990). Nation & Narration 1st Edition, page 292-322. London: Routledge. eBook published 19 April 1990, ISBN 9780203388341. DOI https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203388341
Bhabha, Homi K. (1994) (2004). Location of Culture. London: Routledge. 2nd Edition.
Clark, Peter. (2008). “Mahmoud Darwish: Poet, author and politician who helped to forge a Palestinian consciousness after the six-day war in 1967”. The Guardian. 11 August 2008. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/aug/11/poetry.israelandthepalestinians
Darwish, Mahmoud. (1964) (2013). أوراق الزيتون (Awraq al-Zaytun / Leaves of Olives). Amman: al-Ahliyah lil-Nashr wa al-Tawzi
---- ----. (1964). بطاقة هوية (Kartu Identitas). https://www.aldiwan.net/poem2290.html. Diakses pada tanggal 27 Mei 2021, pk. 1105.
---- ----. (1966) (1993). عاشق من فلسطین ('Asheeq min Filasteen / A Lover from Palestine). Bayrūt: Dar al-‘Awdah
---- ----. (1969). يوميات جرح فلسطيني (Yawmiyyat Jurh Filastini / Buku Harian Palestina yang Terluka). https://www.aldiwan.net/poem2259.html. Diakses pada tanggal 26 Mei 2021, pk. 13.36.
---- ----. (1971) (2016). شيء عن الوطن (Shai’on ‘an al-Wathan / Something about the Homeland). Amman: al-Ahliyah lil-an-Nashr wa al-Tawzi
---- ----. (1973). جندي يحلم بالزنابق البيضاء (Jondiyyun Yahlum bi-al-Zanabiq al-Baidaa’/ A Soldier Dreaming of White Lilies). https://www.aldiwan.net/poem2322.html. Diakses pada tanggal 11 Juni 2021 pk. 11.20
---- ----. (2003). Unfortunately, It Was Paradise (Selected Poem). Translated and edited by Sinan Antoon. New York: University of California Press.
---- ---- . (2005). كزهر اللوز أو أبعد (Kazahri al-Lawz aw Ab’ad / Like Almond Flower and Further). Beirut: Riad El-Rayyes Book.
---- ----. (2006). The Butterfly’s Burden (English and Arabic Version). Translated by Fady Joudah. Washington: Copper Canyon Press
---- ----. (2011). In the Presence of Absence. Translated by Sinan Antoon. Brooklyn: Archipelago.
Diamond, Aurel H. Diamond. (2020). “Minority youth acculturation in third spaces: an ethnography of Arab-Palestinian high school students visiting the Israeli innovation sector”. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. Received 12 May 2020, Accepted 02 Nov 2020, Published online: 25 Nov 2020
Hamdan, Samer. (2015). أقوال محمود درويش عن الوطن (Pandangan Mahmoud Darwish tentang Tanah Air). https://mawdoo3.com/أقوال_محمود_درويش_عن_الوطن . Diakses pada tanggal 12 Mei 2021, pk. 17.05
Hamidi, Loiy & Qutaish al Fawa’ra. (2019). “Identity and Alienation: A Study of Mahmoud Darwish’s ‘ID Card’ and ‘Passport’”. International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences (IJELS) Vol-4, Issue-2, Mar - Apr, 2019
Hochberg, Gil Z. (2011). “The Mediterranean Option”: On the Politics of Regional Affiliation in Current Israeli Cultural Imagination. Journal of Levantine Studies Summer 2011, No. 1, pp. 41-65. https://levantine-journal.org/product/the-mediterranean-option-on-the-politics-of-regional-affiliation-in-current-israeli-cultural-imagination/ . Diakses pada tanggal 15 Mei 2021, pk. 08.50.
Kalua, Fetson. (2009). “Homi Bhabha's Third Space and African identity”. Journal of African Cultural Studies Volume 21, 2009 - Issue 1
Keraf, Gorys. (2002). Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama
Lovatt, Hugh (2010). Modern Palestinian Poetry and the Poetics of Place: Between Homeland and Homelessness, Modern Palestinian Literature. (15PNMC379). School of Oriental and African Studies January 2010.
Masalha, Salman. (2008). Mahmoud Darwish, 1941-2008: He Made a Homeland Words. Haaretz Books Supplement, 15 September 2008. http://www.haaretz.com/hazen/spages/1019886.html. https://www.metransparent.com/spip.php?article4486 . Diakses pada tanggal 12 Mei 2021, pk. 09.45.
Naimah, Ahmad al Ghamdi dan Hadeel Esam Mukhtar. (2019). “Modality Construction of theArabic Identity in Mahmoud Darwish’s Poetry”. ELS-JISHELS Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies on Humanities Volume 2 Issue 2, 2019 ISSN (print): 2621-0843ISSN (online): 2621-0835
Noval, Khalil Hasan. (2017). National Identity_in_Mahmoud_Darwishs_Poetry. English Language and Literature Studies; Vol. 7, No. 3; 2017 ISSN 1925-4768 E-ISSN 1925-4776 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education
Pithouse, Richard. (2021). Mahmoud Darwish: From Galilee to the World. New Frame, Media Publication based in Johannesburg South Africa, 13 Maret 2021. https://www.newframe.com/mahmoud-darwish-from-galilee-to-the-world/ . Diakses pada tanggal 27 Mei 2021.
Rutherford, Jonathan. 1990. The Third Space: Interview with Homi K. Bhabha (Chapter). In Ders. (Hg): Identity, Community, Culture, Difference. London: Lawrence and Wishart, p. 207-221.
Sachs, Susan. (2000). Poetry of Arab Pain: Are Israeli Student Ready?. Ramallah Journal March 7, 2000 https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/07/world/ramallah-journal- poetry-of-arab-pain-are-israeli-students-ready.html . Diakses pada tanggal 11 Mei 2021, pk. 19.54.
Snir, Reuven. (2008). “Other Barbarians Will Come: Intelectuality, Meta-Poetry, and Meta-Myth in Mahmoud Darwish’s Poetry”, in Hala Khamis Nassar and Najat Rahman (eds), Mahmoud Darwish, Exile’s Poet: Critical Essays. Northampton, MA: Interlink Books, pp. 123-166.
Wazen, Abdo. (---) محمود درويش في حوار شامل- حاوره عبده وازن : حول الشعر والحداثة وقصيدة النثر
(Buku catatan Mahmoud Darwish dalam dialog komprehensif - diwawancarai oleh Abdo Wazen : Tentang puisi, modernitas dan puisi prosa). Dipublikasikan dalam web site Muassasah Mahmoud Darwish (Yayasan Mahmoud Darwish). http://mahmouddarwish.ps/article/417/ دفاتر-محمود-درويش-في-حوار-شامل--حاوره-عبده-وازن
Yeshurun, Helith. (1996). “The exile is so strong within me, perhaps I will bring it home,” Mahmoud Darwish, interview by Helith Yeshurun, Hadarim 12, 1996, 172-198.
---- ------. (2012). “Exile Is So Strong Within Me, I May Bring It to the Land” A Landmark 1996 Interview with Mahmoud Darwish. Journal of Palestine Studies 42 (1): 46-70. September 2012. DOI: 10.1525/jps.2012.XLII.1.46 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259730745_Exile_Is_So_Strong_Within_Me_I_May_Bring_It_to_the_Land_A_Landmark_1996_Interview_with_Mahmoud_Darwish
Zawawi, Muhammad Adil. (2019). أشعار محمود درويش عن الوطن (Puisi-Puisi Mahmoud Darwish tentang Tanah Air). https://mawdoo3.com/أشعار_محمود_درويش_عن_الوطن . Diakses pada tanggal 12 Mei 2021, pk. 16.37.
Published
2021-08-31
How to Cite
Zuhdi, M. L. (2021). Ruang Ketiga dan Konstruksi Identitas: Hibriditas dalam Karya Mahmoud Darwish. LINGUA : Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, Dan Pengajarannya, 18(2), 192-213. https://doi.org/10.30957/lingua.v18i2.709
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Articles
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